Passive Resistance and Citizenship: The English Female Taxpayer Rebellion, 1900-1914
In the Edwardian period, the urban suffragists rebellion was influenced by non-conformist and, moreover, by the passive resistance movement led by Gandhi against the South African colonial government. Suffragists saw their tax struggle as a citizens’ protest based on the institutions of English democracy and the history of liberalism, as recalled by John Stuart Mill. Victorian suffragists had already shown how unfair taxation was if dissociated from citizenship. The first women tax resisters, but also, from the 1890s, suffragist propaganda commonly denounced gender marginalization which denied women the right to vote. After 1909, tax resistance and its media coverage magnified suffragist ideological and political resistance to injustice: suffragist periodicals played an essential role in their fight against the liberal government and its tax policies. The three main suffragist organizations, each in its way, exposed liberal taxation when taxpayers were women, while suffrage was property-based and exclusively male. Historiography has fairly neglected passive and/or tax resistance as an area of study.
Keywords
- Britain
- Edwardian Era
- women
- feminism
- suffrage
- tax
- citizenship
- passive resistance